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Different project of Transvision Rather than All Other following news and projects
c-span mobile project U.S.A
SCHEDULE FOR BUS #1
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| "CENTER TV"
TECHNICAL COMPLEX
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CENTER TV" TECHNICAL COMPLEX
3 Units, located in 3 different places in Moscow - Ostankino, "Mosfilm" studio and the main
"Center TV" building on Bolshaya Tatarskaya street make up the "Center TV" technical complex.
Most of the "Center TV" equipment is at Ostankino. It consists of two studio units
ASB-3 and ASB-9 (studios with six and five cameras)
with SONY equipment rented from the Television Technical Center. ASB-3 and ASB-9 are
used for live programs, the "Morning news
and entertainment channel" and news making.
There are also 7 rooms for complex and simple editing, 1 room for sound editing,
5 rooms for nonlinear editing with
computer systems for video editing, rooms for video review and a
set of mobile equipment for outside shooting.
"Center TV" has a virtual studio located at "Mosfilm". This is a TV equipment complex that
enables creating virtual reality.
There is also a
TV equipment unit for films restoration
and copying as well as, 2 rooms for nonlinear
video editing and 1 room for simple linear video editing at the "Mosfilm" studio.
The "Center TV" broadcasting unit, 1 room for complex linear video editing, 2 rooms for sound
dubbing and 3 rooms for simple linear video editing are
located in the main building on Bolshaya Tatarskaya street.
There is also a satellite equipment room that enables to transmit 6 TV channels to the TV satellite
distribution network within one digital stream.
"Center TV" has fiber-optical TV communication network that links the rooms on
Tatarskaya street to the rooms in Ostankino, "Mosfilm",
Ostankino TV tower, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and Moscow State University.
These rooms are also connected to the TV port near the high-rise building of Moscow
State University, the Main Space Communication
Center on Shabolovka street and the Main Center of
Trunkline Connections in Ostankino by fiber-optical lines.
There are two microwave retransmission rooms in the "Center TV" communication complex as well.
One of the rooms is located on the top
floor of the Moscow State University building, the other one is in the Ostankino TV tower.
"Center TV" has its own mobile television stations with 12 and 4 cameras each equipped
with modern digital TV gear and three mobile
microwave stations that enable live broadcast from any point in the city.
The "Center TV" computer network includes 8 servers and 400 PCs. Some of the computers
are used by our journalists for data processing for the news programs.
The terrestrial broadcasting regional distribution network consists of 168 transmission points.
"Center TV" transmitters are located at 28 sites.
The Need for Long-range Planning
Long-range spectrum planning is critical to the effective management of the radio spectrum. First,
planning provides for the efficient development of spectrum-dependent telecommunications
services. Before a service provider can offer the services, a license must be granted for the
radiocommunications system. This system should operate in a frequency band that supports its
function, and be relatively clear of potentially interfering stations. Forecasting the demand for these
services, and allocating adequate spectrum for the radio service in advance will assure that the
telecommunication services are provided in a timely and efficient manner.
Second, early identification of spectrum for an intended use gives manufacturers
adequate lead time to design and manufacture equipment for the planned frequency bands. In the
Federal Government, funds for new radiocommunications equipment must be programmed
two to three years in advance to correspond with government budget cycles. Failure to plan spectrum
for new systems could lead to delays in deployment, and inefficient use of taxpayers' money.
Effects of National Planning Policies on Spectrum Availability
Spectrum to be used by licensed or unlicensed radio services is first allocated under current regulations.
These regulations are
either the FCC's regulations contained in Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations, or the regulations
governing Federal use of the spectrum as contained in the Manual of Regulations and Procedures for
Federal Radio Frequency Management (NTIA Manual).[EN #3] At the present time, the spectrum
from 9 kHz to 300 GHz is allocated to one or more radio services.[EN #4]
Radio Services Spectrum
Discussed in Part I Requirements
Land Mobile
a) Conventional dispatch, public a) 119 MHz Additional below 5 GHz
safety, cellular, PCS, trunked b) 75 MHz below 10 GHz
mobile, and paging 10 MHz between 10 and 100 GHz
b) Intelligent Transportation System
Aeronautical Mobile 30 kHz Additional (HF) for off-route
(OR) and 108 kHz for route (R).
100 kHz Additional (HF) allocated
to the Mobile Service.
Maritime Mobile 36-60 kHz Additional (HF)
Mobile-Satellite 60 MHz Additional
Fixed Up To 250 MHz Reduction
Fixed-Satellite 200-400 MHz Additional (Feeder Links)
Broadcasting 1,900 kHz Additional (HF)
Broadcasting-Satellite Present Spectrum Adequate
Radionavigation Present Spectrum Adequate
Radiolocation Present Spectrum Adequate
Radiodetermination-Satellite Present Spectrum Adequate
Inter-Satellite Present Spectrum Adequate
Space Operation Present Spectrum Adequate
Space Services Present Spectrum Adequate
Radio Astronomy 9.6 MHz Additional (see note)
Amateur and Amateur-Satellite 2,180 kHz Additional
Standard Frequency and Time Signal Present Spectrum Adequate
Meteorological Aids Present Spectrum Adequate
which could be obtained on a local, coordinated basis.
As a basic plan for usage, the radio spectrum is allocated to various radio services
in blocks of frequencies.
The concept of the block allocation system is that a band
of contiguous frequencies is dedicated to one or more radio services,
depending on the technical and operational characteristics of the service(s). A block so
dedicated is said to be allocated to the radio service(s) associated with that block. Further,
within a block the radio services may have a
hierarchial structure (i.e., Primary, Permitted or Secondary) that grants rights or
imposes limitations on the services relative to other services in the same block.
The assemblage of these spectrum blocks, along with associated footnotes,
is called the National Table of Frequency Allocations, and is used for general
spectrum planning. The Table also further separates those allocation blocks that
are managed by NTIA from those managed by the FCC.
There is, however, considerable flexibility in the block allocation system.
Footnotes to the allocation blocks may permit operation of
additional radio services in the spectrum block, restrict the operation of services
allocated in the block, or stipulate other requirements
for operation. Other footnotes may permit multi-mode operation, where the
transmitted signal is used for more than one purpose,
and would otherwise be separate radio services.
Radio systems are generally permitted to use only spectrum
that is allocated to the radio service associated with that system.
Revisions to the allocation table have generally resulted from
international radio conferences, where U.S. allocation proposals
often were approved. International radio conferences, generally of
limited scope, have been held periodically since 1947,
with a major allocation conference held in 1979. Although several radio
conferences have been held since then, a large
number of spectrum allocations from those earlier conferences are
still in force. More recent conferences have
focussed on specific radio services, such as mobile and space services.
Advanced technology has spawned new radiocommunications services,
however, allowing radio
operation in higher frequencies. Further, consumers are
demanding additional spectrum-dependent services at
an ever-increasing rate, to the degree that there is no
longer a firm correlation between future spectrum requirements
and many current spectrum allocations. As an example,
some mobile systems are capable of operating in
portions of the spectrum once the sole domain of fixed
microwave systems. Failure to adequately plan
for future radio system usage has resulted in a mismatch
between demand for services and the availability of
appropriately allocated spectrum.
National policies that govern spectrum allocations
have not completely kept pace with the increased demand
for spectrum. This is due, in part, to the reactive nature of national
spectrum management.
National policies can address this problem in a number of ways.
One way is to place greater reliance on market-based forces to
guide spectrum apportionment.
Another way is to develop a coordinated long-range spectrum
management plan. NTIA in its
Spectrum Policy Study and elsewhere has examined the use
of market-based forces
to guide spectrum apportionment. This study will focus
on national long-range spectrum planning.
Summary of Recent NTIA/FCC Actions
Both NTIA and the FCC are involved in proceedings and efforts
that will increase the capacity
of the land mobile services. NTIA has submitted to Congress
its plan to improve the efficiency of
Federal land mobile operations. [EN #5] This plan calls for the
use of narrowband technology in
certain Federal frequency bands used primarily
for land mobile operations, and the establishing of
commercial land mobile service providers using Federal
spectrum resources. According to NTIA's plan,
the narrowbanding of the 138-150.8 MHz band will be
complete in 2008,
the 162-174 MHz band in 2005,
and the 406.1-420 MHz band in 2008. Although the channel
bandwidths have been made narrower, narrowband
signals are not the only approach to
additional capacity. New land mobile technologies
are encouraged so that
wider bandwidths can be used, as long as the resulting
capacity is a least equivalent
to the number of narrowband channels used.
Additionally, commercial
specialized mobile radio (SMR) providers,
using Federal Government frequencies,
are now operating and offering service to
Federal agencies in six cities using
trunking technology. These SMR systems were
established by private sector
entities at no initial cost to the Federal Government.
Federal agencies
having requirements for trunked land mobile service in the areas
served can subscribe to these services at a cost that
may be less than for similar, dedicated Federal trunked
radio systems.
NTIA, in its Spectrum Reallocation Final Report (hereinafter
NTIA Final Reallocation Report), has identified 235 MHz of
Federal spectrum for transfer to the FCC.[EN #6] This
spectrum transfer was required by the Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1993. Ninety-five megahertz
of this spectrum has already been transferred to
the FCC for private use; the remaining spectrum will be
vacated by Federal users, with some exceptions,
within the next 10 years.
In the search for additional spectrum, the concept
of mobiles sharing spectrum allocated to other
radio services is being intensely studied,
and in some cases, is being adopted.
A comprehensive agreement has been reached between a
coalition of TV broadcasters operating in the metropolitan
New York area,
and a coalition of metropolitan New York public safety agencies.
The agreement calls for the use of ultra high frequency (UHF)
TV channel 16 in the metropolitan New York area by public safety
agencies for at least five years while these agencies work to
convert their existing radio systems to more spectrum efficient
technologies and modes of operation. The concept
of UHF TV mobile sharing is not new, however. In a special
allocation decision reached in 1970, the FCC made
various UHF TV channels in the 470-512 MHz band
available for private land mobile use in the top 10 cities
in the United States, later extended the arrangement to
the top 13 cities. In effect, only 11 cities have this
sharing agreement, since the lack of Canadian clearance has
rendered two cities from using the sharing plan.
In another action, the FCC has amended its rules to
authorize private land mobile sharing of certain maritime
very high frequencies (VHF). The amended rules will
permit the industrial and land transportation radio services
to share marine VHF public correspondence
channels 24-28 and 84-87 on a primary basis within the
48 contiguous states far from navigable waterways and
existing VHF public coast stations.
The FCC has required the use of narrowband technologies in the
land mobile bands between 72 MHz and 512 MHz
(Docket No. PR 92-235). In this proceeding, the FCC
will not type-accept 25-kHz equipment after August 1996,
and will not type-accept 12.5-kHz equipment after January 2005.
All new equipment after January 2005 will have to operate
in 6.25-kHz or narrower channels, or show equivalent
efficiency relative to 25 kHz if using wider channels.
The FCC has also initiated a rulemaking that would
develop service rules for radio services above 40 GHz.
This action would allow licensing of radio systems in
this portion of the spectrum. Candidate systems are
in the fixed and mobile services.
NTIA and the FCC have jointly established a
Public Safety Wireless Advisory Committee (PSWAC).
This committee will advise NTIA and the FCC on
operational and spectrum needs of the public
safety community, including the Federal, State, and local levels.
The committee will also consider options for common spectrum
and systems for Federal and non-Federal operations.
The PSWAC began meetings in September 1995,
and should have recommendations regarding public
safety operations within a year.
1. National Telecommunications and Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,
NTIA Special Publication 91-23, U.S. Spectrum
Management Policy: Agenda for the Future (1991)
[hereinafter NTIA Spectrum Policy Study]
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